Background
The "Modern Comprehensive Transportation System Development Plan for the 14th Five-Year Plan Period" calls for "promoting intelligent and green transportation equipment,and the adoption of modular and lightweight technologies”.However, traditional urban rail transit systems still face numerous challenges, such as poor flexibility, low utilization, high empty load rates, and persistently high operation and maintenance costs; as well asdifficulties in meeting diverse travel demands (e.g.,tourism, sightseeing, and mixed passenger-freight transport),coupled withsingle-function carriagesleading to severe resource waste;andinadequate intelligent operation and maintenance levels, with reliance on manual intervention for fault warning and diagnosis, which highlights an urgent need to improve operational diversity and reliability.



